Laryngeal Mask Airway as an Appropriate Option in Pediatric Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the safety and effectiveness of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) use in pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Studies were searched on the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Primary outcomes were major perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs), namely laryngospasm, bronchospasm, desaturation, and aspiration. Secondary outcomes were minor PRAEs, anesthesia time, and recovery time. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate risk ratios (RR), weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) by using random effects models. RESULTS: In total, 5 RCTs comprising 402 patients were included. Regarding major PRAEs, laryngospasm (RR: 0.43, 95 % CI: 0.12 to 1.47; p = 0.18), bronchospasm, and aspiration all demonstrated no difference between the laryngeal and endotracheal groups. Desaturation exhibited a trend, but this trend was not sufficiently supported with statistical evidence (p = 0.09). For minor PRAEs, fewer patients experienced incidence of cough after laryngeal mask use (RR: 0.27, 95 % CI: 0.11 to 0.67; p = 0.005). Other PRAE, namely hoarseness (p = 0.06), sore throat (RR: 1.88, 95 % CI: 0.76 to 4.66; p = 0.18), and stridor, did not differ between the 2 groups. Additionally, both anesthesia time (WMD: -6.88 min, 95 % CI: -11.88 to -1.89; p < 0.00001) and recovery time (WMD: -4.85 min, 95 % CI: -6.51 to -3.19; p < 0.00001) were shortened in the LMA group. CONCLUSION: LMA used in pediatric laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair demonstrated no greater safety risks than endotracheal tube intubation did. Thus, anesthesiologists may shift from conventional endotracheal tube use to LMA use. Moreover, anesthesia and recovery times were shortened in the LMA group, which resulted in more efficient use of the operating room. Because of these benefits, LMA could be an appropriate option for pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Treatment Study, LEVEL III.

Prophylactic Penehyclidine Inhalation for Prevention of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in High-risk Patients: A Double-blind Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pulmonary complications are common. Aging and respiratory disease provoke airway hyperresponsiveness, high-risk surgery induces diaphragmatic dysfunction, and general anesthesia contributes to atelectasis and peripheral airway injury. This study therefore tested the hypothesis that inhalation of penehyclidine, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, reduces the incidence of pulmonary complications in high-risk patients over the initial 30 postoperative days. METHODS: This single-center double-blind trial enrolled 864 patients age over 50 yr who were scheduled for major upper-abdominal or noncardiac thoracic surgery lasting 2 h or more and who had an Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score of 45 or higher. The patients were randomly assigned to placebo or prophylactic penehyclidine inhalation from the night before surgery through postoperative day 2 at 12-h intervals. The primary outcome was the incidence of a composite of pulmonary complications within 30 postoperative days, including respiratory infection, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, bronchospasm, and aspiration pneumonitis. RESULTS: A total of 826 patients (mean age, 64 yr; 63% male) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. A composite of pulmonary complications was less common in patients assigned to penehyclidine (18.9% [79 of 417]) than those receiving the placebo (26.4% [108 of 409]; relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.93; P = 0.010; number needed to treat, 13). Bronchospasm was less common in penehyclidine than placebo patients: 1.4% (6 of 417) versus 4.4% (18 of 409; relative risk, 0.327; 95% CI, 0.131 to 0.82; P = 0.011). None of the other individual pulmonary complications differed significantly. Peak airway pressures greater than 40 cm H2O were also less common in patients given penehyclidine: 1.9% (8 of 432) versus 4.9% (21 of 432; relative risk, 0.381; 95% CI, 0.171 to 0.85; P = 0.014). The incidence of other adverse events, including dry mouth and delirium, that were potentially related to penehyclidine inhalation did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk patients having major upper-abdominal or noncardiac thoracic surgery, prophylactic penehyclidine inhalation reduced the incidence of pulmonary complications without provoking complications.

Broncoespasmo intraoperatorio en una paciente con asma crítica y estenosis traqueal / Intraoperatory bronchospasms in a patient with critical asthma and tracheal stenosis

Introducción: el asma grave es una de las pocas enfermedades que mantiene tasas de mortalidad iguales desde hace décadas. Objetivo: presentar la evolución clínico-anestesiológica de una paciente con antecedentes de asma bronquial grave y obesidad mórbida, propuesta para resección de una estenosis traqueal. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de una paciente con asma grave y estenosis traqueal admitida para cirugía abdominal de gran envergadura. Se administró anestesia regional combinada. Presentó un evento de broncoespasmo severo intraoperatorio con atrapamiento aéreo y caída de la oxigenación. Se utilizó ventilación no invasiva con hipoventilación controlada y mezcla de oxígeno y halotano. Se calculó la presión media de la vía aérea y la hiperinsuflación dinámica. Conclusiones: la estratificación del riesgo es imprescindible en la conducta anestesiológica de un paciente con asma grave mediante la realización de pruebas funcionales respiratorias que permiten evaluar globalmente la función pulmonar. La preparación preoperatoria B2 agonistas, esteroides y cromoglicato de sodio puede ser un elemento importante en el control perioperatorio del paciente. La anestesia regional combinada, a pesar de los efectos adversos en la musculatura intercostal, con nivel sensitivo adecuado es muy útil en el intraoperatorio del paciente con asma grave. El uso de ventilación con parámetros prefijados para minimizar la hiperinsuflación dinámica unido al uso de anestésicos volátiles es de extraordinaria ayuda. Además de la monitorización estándar se debe incorporar el cálculo de la presión media de la vía aérea en el manejo de este tipo de pacientes en situaciones de urgencia(AU)

Introduction: Severe asthma is one of the few diseases that has maintained the same mortality rates for decades. Objective: To present the clinical-anesthesiological evolution of a patient with history of severe bronchial asthma and morbid obesity, candidate for a tracheal stenosis resection. Clinical case: The case is presented of a patient with severe asthma and tracheal stenosis, admitted for large-scale abdominal surgery. Combined regional anesthesia was administered. She presented an intraoperative severe bronchospasm event with air trapping and oxygenation decrease. Non-invasive ventilation with controlled hypoventilation and oxygen-halothane mixture was used. Mean airway pressure and dynamic hyperinflation were calculated. Conclusions: Risk stratification is essential in the anesthesiological behavior of a patient with severe asthma through the performance of respiratory functional tests that allow a global assessment of pulmonary function. The preoperative preparation (B2 agonists, steroids and cromolyn sodium) can be an important element in the perioperative control of the patient. Combined regional anesthesia, despite the adverse effects on the intercostal musculature, with adequate sensory level, is very useful in the intraoperative period of the patient with severe asthma. The use of ventilation with preset parameters to minimize dynamic hyperinflation together with the use of volatile anesthetics is of extraordinary support. In addition to standard monitoring, the calculation of mean airway pressure should be included in the management of this type of patient in emergency situations(AU)

[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema associated with bronchospasm in a woman with no history of asthma]. / Neumomediastino espontáneo y enfisema subcutáneo asociado con broncoespasmo en una mujer sin antecedente de asma.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum most relevant triggering events are cough, vomiting, nutritional problems, physical activity and use of inhaled drugs. Association of spontaneous pneumomediastinum with non-asthma-related bronchospasm is an infrequent event. CLINICAL CASE: This is the case of a 21-year-old woman without personal or family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis or atopy who during late puerperium had 39 °C fever, paroxysmal cough and chest oppression of sudden onset, as well as wheezing and subcutaneous emphysema of the neck; she had no previous nasal symptoms. Chest X-ray revealed free air in the mediastinum and left lateral side of the neck. Possible cause of the condition was attributed to bronchospasm related to airway infection. Treatment was based on bronchodilators, systemic steroids and supplementary oxygen administration. The symptoms subsided after 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: In the clinical case herein presented, spontaneous pneumomediastinum precipitating factor appeared to be paroxysmal cough associated with bronchospasm and, hence, we suggest for this entity to be suspected in patients even if there is no previous history of asthma.

Antecedentes: Los desencadenantes del neumomediastino espontáneo de mayor relevancia son tos, vómito, problemas de alimentación, actividad física y el uso de drogas inhaladas. La asociación de neumomediastino espontáneo con broncoespasmo no relacionado con asma es un suceso inusitado. Caso clínico: Mujer de 21 años de edad sin antecedentes personales ni familiares de asma, rinitis alérgica o atopia, quien durante la etapa del puerperio tardío presentó súbitamente fiebre de 39 °C, disnea, tos paroxística y opresión torácica, así como sibilancias y enfisema subcutáneo en el cuello; no presentó síntomas nasales previos. La radiografía de tórax evidenció aire libre en mediastino y cara lateral izquierda del cuello. La posible causa del cuadro se atribuyó al broncoespasmo relacionado con infección de las vías respiratorias. El tratamiento consistió en la administración de broncodilatadores, esteroides sistémicos, antibióticos y oxígeno suplementario. La sintomatología remitió después de 48 horas. Conclusión: En el caso clínico descrito, al parecer el factor precipitante del neumomediastino espontáneo fue la tos paroxística asociada con el broncoespasmo, de tal forma que sugerimos se sospeche en los pacientes aun cuando no existan antecedentes de asma.

A Case of Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Presenting With Signs and Symptoms Mimicking Hemolytic Anemia.

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is primarily a disorder of childhood, which is characterized by hemoptysis, iron deficiency anemia, and diffuse parenchymal infiltrates on chest x-ray secondary to recurrent attacks of alveolar hemorrhage. It can be diagnosed by showing hemosiderin laden macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after other specific causes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage are definitely excluded. A 5-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with sudden-onset pallor during iron therapy given for anemia. While he was being investigated for clinical and laboratory signs mimicking hemolytic anemia, he developed cough and dyspnea. He had infiltrates on chest x-ray and scattered patchy infiltrates in both lungs on high-resolution computed tomography. Hemosiderin laden macrophages were identified in fasting gastric juice and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and started corticosteroid therapy.

Case study: Idiopathic hemothorax in a patient with status asthmaticus.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic spontaneous hemothorax has been rarely described in the literature. CASE STUDY: A case of status asthmaticus and spontaneous hemothorax is described in a 29-year-old female of African descent who presented to the emergency room after 2 days of severe cough productive of yellow sputum, otalgia, sore throat, subjective fevers, chills, headache, progressive wheezing, chest tightness and dyspnea. She had a history of 7 years of asthma and was non-adherent with her controller asthma medications. Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of enoxaparin 40 milligrams was initiated upon hospitalization. The patient initially had a normal chest radiograph but subsequently developed a large, left hemothorax that required tube thoracostomy placement followed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). RESULTS: The patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and tube thoracostomy resulted in evacuation of 1,400 milliliters of blood-like fluid, which had a pleural fluid hematocrit greater than 50% of the serum hematocrit. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest did not reveal any source for the bleeding and a technetium bone scan of the chest was normal. The patient required transfusion of 5 units of packed red blood cells. She was then taken to the operating room for VATS because of continued chest tube drainage (3,200 milliliters of fluid over a 48-hour period). CONCLUSION: The etiology of the hemothorax was unknown despite surgical exploration but was felt to be secondary to cough and bronchospasm associated with status asthmaticus.

Isoflurane rescue therapy for bronchospasm reduces intracranial pressure in a patient with traumatic brain injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To assess the unusual use of a volatile anaesthetic for treatment of life-threatening bronchospasm in a patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI). RESEARCH DESIGN: Case report. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This study presents a previously healthy 30-year-old man with severe TBI and bronchospasm-induced acute hypercapnia. He was treated with inhaled isoflurane in combination with monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). RESULTS: Three-day-long isoflurane treatment resolved drug-refractory bronchospasm, decreased airway pressure and improved gas exchange, even at a low end-tidal concentration (0.3-0.5 vol%). Although rCBF was increased by 18 ml min(-1) 100 g(-1) during isoflurane treatment, there was a significant decrease in ICP (21 (SD = 3) mmHg, 9 (SD = 5) mmHg, 2 (SD = 3) mmHg; during pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment, respectively; p < 0.001). Improved autoregulation due to lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide, restoration of carbon dioxide reactivity, isoflurane-induced regional differences in rCBF and improved microcirculation may have been responsible for the prompt and long-lasting normalization of ICP. The patient had no TBI-related disability at 6 months post-injury. CONCLUSIONS: Isoflurane at a low dose can be an effective and safe treatment option for drug-refractory bronchospasm in a patient with traumatic intracranial hypertension, provided that multimodality neuromonitoring is used.

Pharmacology of Bradykinin-Evoked Coughing in Guinea Pigs.

Bradykinin has been implicated as a mediator of the acute pathophysiological and inflammatory consequences of respiratory tract infections and in exacerbations of chronic diseases such as asthma. Bradykinin may also be a trigger for the coughing associated with these and other conditions. We have thus set out to evaluate the pharmacology of bradykinin-evoked coughing in guinea pigs. When inhaled, bradykinin induced paroxysmal coughing that was abolished by the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140. These cough responses rapidly desensitized, consistent with reports of B2 receptor desensitization. Bradykinin-evoked cough was potentiated by inhibition of both neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (with thiorphan and captopril, respectively), but was largely unaffected by muscarinic or thromboxane receptor blockade (atropine and ICI 192605), cyclooxygenase, or nitric oxide synthase inhibition (meclofenamic acid and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine). Calcium influx studies in bronchopulmonary vagal afferent neurons dissociated from vagal sensory ganglia indicated that the tachykinin-containing C-fibers arising from the jugular ganglia mediate bradykinin-evoked coughing. Also implicating the jugular C-fibers was the observation that simultaneous blockade of neurokinin2 (NK2; SR48968) and NK3 (SR142801 or SB223412) receptors nearly abolished the bradykinin-evoked cough responses. The data suggest that bradykinin induces coughing in guinea pigs by activating B2 receptors on bronchopulmonary C-fibers. We speculate that therapeutics targeting the actions of bradykinin may prove useful in the treatment of cough.

Neumotórax espontáneo y consumo de cocaína / Spontaneous pneumothorax and cocaine use

No disponible

Sarcoma de Kaposi clásico / Classic Kaposi sarcoma

No disponible

[Anaphylactic reaction to intravenous glucocorticoid in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Anafylaktisk reaktion på intravenøst givet glukokortikoid hos en patient med kronisk obstruktiv lungesygdom

Serious anaphylactic reactions to systemic glucocorticoids are rare and have previously mainly been reported in patients with asthma or aspirin allergy. We report a case of severe anaphylactic reaction to an intravenous (IV) glucocorticoid in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A 61-year-old male developed severe bronchospasm within seconds after IV injection of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. The condition was immediately treated with adrenaline and the patient recovered quickly. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of anaphylactic reactions to glucocorticoids.

Adverse events related to gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures in pediatric patients under anesthesia care and a predictive risk model (AEGEP Study) / Eventos adversos relacionados con procedimientos endoscópicos gastrointestinales en niños bajo cuidado anestésico: modelo predictivo de riesgo (estudio AEGEP)

Background. Multiple studies have analyzed perioperative factors related to adverse events (AEs) in children who require gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures (GEP) in settings where deep sedation is the preferred anesthetic technique over general anesthesia (GA) but not for the opposite case. Methods. We reviewed our anesthesia institutional database, seeking children less than 12 years who underwent GEP over a 5-year period. A logistic regression was used to determine significant associations between preoperative conditions, characteristics of the procedure, airway management, anesthetic approaches and the presence of serious and non-serious AEs. Results. GA was preferred over deep sedation [77.8% vs. 22.2% in 2178 GEP under anesthesia care (n = 1742)]. We found 96 AEs reported in 77 patients, including hypoxemia (1.82%), bronchospasm (1.14%) and laryngospasm (0.91%) as the most frequent. There were 2 cases of severe bradycardia related to laryngospasm/hypoxemia and a case of aspiration resulting in unplanned hospitalization, but there were no cases of intra- or postoperative deaths. Final predictive model for perioperative AEs included age <1 year, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) <1 week prior to the procedure and low weight for the age (LWA) as independent risk factors and ventilation by facial mask as a protector against these events (p < 0.05). Conclusions. AEs are infrequent and severe ones are remote in a setting where AG is preferred over deep sedation. Ventilatory AEs are the most frequent and depend on biometrical and comorbid conditions more than anesthetic drugs chosen. Age <1 year, history of URTI in the week prior to the procedure and LWA work as independent risk factors for AEs in these patients (AU)

Antecedentes. Múltiples estudios han analizado los eventos adversos (EA) relacionados con procedimientos endoscópicos gastrointestinales (PEG) en niños cuando la sedación profunda es la técnica preferida sobre la anestesia general pero no en el caso contrario. Métodos. Revisamos nuestra base de datos en busca de niños < 12 años sometidos a PEG bajo cuidado anestésico durante un periodo de 5 años. Se registraron las condiciones preoperatorias, las características del procedimiento, el manejo de la vía aérea y los enfoques anestésicos y se construyó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar su relación con EAs grave y no graves. Resultados. La anestesia general fue preferida sobre la sedación (77,8 frente a 22,2% en 2.178 PEG bajo cuidado anestésico [n = 1742]). Se encontraron 96 EA en 77 pacientes, incluyendo hipoxemia (1,82%), broncoespasmo (1,14%) y laringoespasmo (0,91%) como los más frecuentes. Hubo 2 casos de bradicardia severa relacionada con laringoespasmo/hipoxemia y un caso de aspiración que resultó en hospitalización no planeada, pero no se registraron casos de muertes intraoperatorias o posoperatorias. La edad < 1 año, infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior < 1 semana antes del procedimiento y bajo peso para la edad (BPE) se identificaron como factores de riesgo independientes, y la ventilación con mascarilla facial, como factor protector (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. En niños bajo cuidado anestésico para PEG, los EAs en general son poco frecuentes en un entorno donde se prefiere la anestesia general. Estos son usualmente de tipo ventilatorio y dependen primordialmente de condiciones mórbidas y biométricas, independientemente de los fármacos anestésicos elegidos. La edad < 1 año, el antecedente de infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior en la semana previa al procedimiento y el bajo peso para la edad son factores de riesgo independientes para EA en estos pacientes (AU)

Síndrome de platipnea-ortodeoxia / Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome

No disponible